What is the conjunctiva and why does it become inflamed?
Conjunctiva is the thin, translucent mucous membrane covering the white part of the eye (sclera) and the inner surface of the eyelids. Its role is to protect the eye from external influences and to maintain the tear film. In the event of inflammation, this area becomes red, swollen and may also ooze.
Conjunctivitis can be caused by an infectious cause – viral or bacterial infection – or by a non-infectious cause – such as an allergic reaction, mechanical irritation or the presence of a foreign body in the eye.
The most common symptoms of conjunctivitis
Symptoms of conjunctivitis usually appear quickly and can include:
- redness, especially in the white part of the eye
- itching, burning sensation, stabbing pain
- tearing, increased secretions
- yellowish-green, sticky discharge – mainly in inflammation of bacterial origin
- foreign-body-feeling
- the eyelids clumping together in the morning
- increased photosensitivity
- slightly blurred vision
It is important to know that the type and severity of symptoms can also indicate the origin of the inflammation.
Types of conjunctivitis
1. Viral conjunctivitis
This form is highly contagious, often reaching epidemic proportions in schools and workplaces. It most often occurs in association with, or following, an upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms include profuse watering, redness of the eyes and can spread rapidly from one eye to the other. It is characterised by the absence of purulent discharge, but rather by the formation of a clear or slightly mucopurulent discharge.
2. Bacterial conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis caused by bacterial infection is also very common, especially in children. The characteristic symptom is a yellowish-greenish, thick discharge that clogs the eyelids in the morning. Often bilateral, but may start in one eye only. In case of bacterial infection, antibiotic eye drops or ointment are needed.
3. Allergic conjunctivitis
Of the non-infectious forms, allergic conjunctivitis is the most common. It can develop seasonally due to pollen or persist all year round due to dust mites, animal hair, moulds. It is characterised by intense itching, tearing, swelling and a frequent need to rub the eye. However, rubbing can aggravate symptoms, so it is important that in the case of allergic conjunctivitis do not rub your eyes!
4. Conjunctivitis caused by mechanical or chemical irritation
Contact with a foreign body – e.g. dust, sand, small insects – or a chemical substance can also trigger inflammation. These cases may require urgent treatment.
How is the diagnosis made?
During the ophthalmological examination, the specialist will examine the surface of the eye, ask about the symptoms and, if necessary, take a smear of the mucus to determine the exact cause of the inflammation – for example, to diagnose conjunctivitis of viral, bacterial or allergic origin.
Treatment of conjunctivitis
Treatment always depends on the type of inflammation. The most important thing is to do not use use an over-the-counter eye drop without consulting your eye doctor, as using the wrong product may worsen your symptoms.
Treatment of conjunctivitis of viral origin
It usually heals on its own in a few days to a week. As a symptomatic treatment, cooling compresses, artificial tears and strict adherence to hygiene rules (hand washing, separate use of towels) are recommended.
Treatment of bacterial infection
Antibiotic eye drops or ointment may be required. These preparations are prescribed by a specialist. Treatment can bring spectacular improvement in a few days, but the full course of treatment must be followed.
In case of an allergic reaction
In addition to avoiding the allergen, antihistamine eye drops or anti-inflammatory drugs are recommended. If necessary, an allergological examination is warranted.
Children and conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is a common phenomenon in children, especially in preschool and school communities. Good hygiene and prompt treatment can help prevent further infection. In children, too, a specialist examination is always necessary.
What to look out for in conjunctivitis?
- Do not rub your eyes, no matter how itchy they are.
- Avoid using contact lenses during the inflammation, throw away previously used lenses with the case
- Do not use cosmetics or towels used by others.
- Wash your hands often, especially before using eye drops.
- Do not use eye drops without a prescription
When should we see a doctor?
If the symptoms persist for several days, worsen, or if you experience severe pain, loss of vision or sensitivity to light, you should see a specialist.
Prevention of conjunctivitis
Good hygiene is the basis for preventing infections. This is particularly important in communities – schools, offices. In case of pollen allergy, it is a good idea to wear sunglasses, temporarily avoid contact lenses and use anti-allergy medication.